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Special Collections

Gulf Marshes and Prairies

The Gulf Marshes, covering approximately 500,000 acres, are on a narrow strip of lowlands adjacent to the coast and the barrier islands (e.g., Padre Island), which extend from Mexico to Louisiana. The Gulf Prairies, about 9 million acres, include the nearly flat plain extending 30 to 80 miles inland from the Gulf Marshes. The Gulf Marshes are a low, wet, marshy coastal area, commonly covered with saline water, and range from sea level to a few feet in elevation. The Gulf Prairies are nearly level and virtually undissected plains having slow surface drainage and elevations from sea level to 250 feet. Soils of the Gulf Marshes are dark, poorly drained sandy loams and clays, and light neutral sands, typically showing little textural change with depth. The loamy and clayey soils are commonly saline and sodic. Prairie soils are dark, neutral to slightly acid clay loams and clays in the northeastern parts. Further south in the subhumid Coastal Bend, the soils are less acidic. A narrow band of light acid sands and darker loamy to clayey soils stretches along the coast. Inland from the dark clayey soils is a narrow belt of lighter acid fine sandy loam soils with gray to brown, and red mottled subsoils. Soils of the river bottomlands and broad deltaic plains are reddish brown to dark gray, slightly acid to calcareous, loamy to clayey alluvial.

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scientific namecommon name(s)image gallery
Polygala albaWhite Milkwort
Poa arachniferaTexas Bluegrass
Texas Blue Grass
Pontederia cordataPickerelweed
Pickerel Rush
Prunus angustifoliaChickasaw Plum
Sandhill Plum
Prunus gracilisOklahoma Plum
Proboscidea louisianicaLouisiana Devil's-claw
Devil's claw
Ram's-horn
Unicorn Plant
Proboscis Flower
Prunus mexicanaMexican Plum
Bigtree Plum
Inch Plum
Prunus rivularisRiver Plum
Creek Plum
Hog Plum
Prunus serotinaBlack Cherry
Wild Black Cherry
Rum Cherry
Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatumBracken Fern
Bracken
Western Bracken Fern
Western Bracken
Ptelea trifoliataWafer Ash
Common Hoptree
Hop Tree
Quercus hemisphaericaCoast Laurel Oak
Darlington Oak
Laurel Oak
Quercus incanaBluejack Oak
Sandjack Oak
Upland Willow Oak
Cinnamon Oak
Shin Oak
Turkey Oak
Quercus laurifoliaLaurel Oak
Swamp Laurel Oak
Darlington Oak
Diamond-leaf Oak
Laurel-leaf Oak
Water Oak
Obtusa Oak
Quercus macrocarpaBur Oak
Burr Oak
Savanna Oak
Overcup Oak
Prairie Oak
Mossy-cup Oak
Mossy-overcup Oak
Blue Oak
Quercus marilandicaBlackjack Oak
Barren Oak
Black Oak
Jack Oak
Quercus michauxiiSwamp Chestnut Oak
Basket Oak
Cow Oak
Swamp Oak
Quercus nigraWater Oak
Possum Oak
Duck Oak
Punk Oak
Spotted Oak
Quercus stellataPost Oak
Iron Oak
Cross Oak
Quercus virginianaCoastal Live Oak
Southern Live Oak
Virginia Live Oak
Live Oak
Encino
Ratibida columniferaMexican Hat
Red-spike Mexican Hat
Upright Prairie Coneflower
Prairie Coneflower
Long-headed Coneflower
Thimbleflower
Ranunculus macranthusLarge Buttercup
Rhus aromaticaFragrant Sumac
Aromatic Sumac
Lemon Sumac
Polecat Bush
Rhexia marianaMaryland Meadow Beauty
Pale Meadow Beauty
Rudbeckia hirtaBlack-eyed Susan
Common Black-eyed Susan
Brown-eyed Susan
Blackeyed Susan
Ruellia humilisPrairie Petunia
Fringeleaf Wild Petunia
Hairy Ruellia
Low Wild Petunia
Low Ruellia
Fringeleaf Ruellia
Fringe-leaf Wild Petunia
Ruellia nudifloraViolet Ruellia
Common Wild Petunia
Violet Wild Petunia
Wild Petunia
Hierba De La Calentura
Rubus trivialisSouthern Dewberry
Dewberry
Sassafras albidumSassafras
White Sassafras
Ague Tree
Cinnamon Wood
Mitten Tree
Saloop
Smelling Stick
Salvia azureaPitcher Sage
Big Blue Sage
Azure Sage
Giant Blue Sage
Blue Sage
Sabatia campestrisTexas Star
Rose Gentian
Meadow Pink
Prairie Rose-gentian
Prairie Sabatia
Saururus cernuusLizard's Tail
Lizard Tail
Breastweed
Water Dragon
Salvia coccineaScarlet Sage
Tropical Sage
Blood Sage
Red Sage
Indian Fire
Saccharum giganteumSugarcane Plumegrass
Giant Plumegrass
Sagittaria latifoliaBroadleaf Arrowhead
Arrowhead
Duckroot
Duck-potato
Wapato
Salvia lyrataLyreleaf Sage
Cancer Weed
Sabal minorDwarf Palmetto
Bush Palmetto
Palmetto
Sagittaria platyphyllaDelta Arrowhead
Schizachyrium scopariumLittle Bluestem
Popotillo Azul
Setaria parvifloraMarsh Bristlegrass
Knotroot Bristlegrass
Setaria vulpisetaPlains Bristlegrass
Sideroxylon celastrinumSaffron Plum
Coma Saffron Plum
La Coma
Coma
Milk Buckthorn
Tropical Buckthorn
Downward Plum
Antswood
Silphium gracileSlender Rosinweed
Sisyrinchium langloisiiRoadside Blue-eyed Grass
Dotted Blue-eyed Grass
Southern Blue-eyed Grass
Sisyrinchium sagittiferumSpearbract Blue-eyed Grass
Blue-eyed Grass
Smilax laurifoliaLaurel Greenbriar
Solidago altissimaTall Goldenrod
Late Goldenrod
Canadian Goldenrod
Canada Goldenrod
Solidago canadensisCanada Goldenrod
Canadian Goldenrod
Tall Goldenrod
Giant Goldenrod
Solanum elaeagnifoliumSilverleaf Nightshade
Silver-leaf Nightshade
White Horse Nettle
Trompillo
Tomato Weed
Bull Nettle
Sorghastrum nutansIndiangrass
Yellow Indiangrass
Indian Grass
Sophora tomentosaYellow Necklacepod
Yellow Sophora
Necklace Pod
Tambalisa
Sporobolus compositus var. compositusComposite Dropseed
Tall Dropseed
Sporobolus cryptandrusSand Dropseed
Spigelia marilandicaWoodland Pinkroot
Pinkroot
Indian Pink
Spartina spartinaeGulf Cordgrass
Symphoricarpos orbiculatusCoralberry
Indian Currant
Buckbrush
Symphyotrichum subulatumEastern Annual Saltmarsh Aster
Baby's Breath Aster
Annual Aster
Blackland Aster
Hierba Del Marrano
Taxodium distichumBald Cypress
Baldcypress
Common Bald Cypress
Southern Bald Cypress
Deciduous Cypress
Southern Cypress
Swamp Cypress
Red Cypress
White Cypress
Yellow Cypress
Gulf Cypress
Tidewater Red Cypress
Tephrosia lindheimeriLindheimer's Hoarypea
Hoary Pea
Lindheimer Tephrosia
Tetraneuris scaposaFour-nerve Daisy
Hymenoxys
Stemmy Four-nerve Daisy
Yellow Daisy
Bitterweed
Thalictrum dasycarpumPurple Meadow-rue
Tall Meadow-rue
Meadow Rue
Thalia dealbataPowdery Alligator-flag
Powdery Thalia
Water Canna
Thelypteris kunthiiWood Fern
River Fern
Southern Shield Fern
Kunth's Maiden Fern
Normal Shield Fern
Tridens albescensWhite Tridens
White Top
Tripsacum dactyloidesEastern Gamagrass
Fakahatchee Grass
Tridens flavusPurpletop Tridens
Redtop Tridens
Tall Redtop Tridens
Purpletop
Redtop
Tall Redtop
Tradescantia giganteaGiant Spiderwort
Tradescantia ohiensisOhio Spiderwort
Bluejacket
Triodanis perfoliataClasping Venus's Looking-glass
Trichloris plurifloraMulti-flowered False-rhodesgrass
Multiflower False Rhodes Grass
Showy Chloris
Triplasis purpureaPurple Sandgrass
Purple Triplasis
Typha latifoliaBroadleaf Cattail
Common Cattail
Ulmus alataWinged Elm
Wahoo Elm
Cork Elm
Witch Elm
Ulmus americanaAmerican Elm
White Elm
Soft Elm
Water Elm
Common Elm
Ulmus crassifoliaCedar Elm
Fall Elm
Basket Elm
Scrub Elm
Lime Elm
Texas Elm
Southern Rock Elm
Olmo
Utricularia radiataLittle Floating Bladderwort
Floating Bladderwort
Vaccinium arboreumFarkleberry
Tree Sparkleberry
Sparkleberry
Winter Huckleberry
Huckleberry
Vachellia farnesianaHuisache
Texas Huisache
Sweet Acacia
Perfume Acacia
Mealy Acacia
Mealy Wattle
Cassie
Verbena haleiTexas Vervain
Slender Verbena
Texas Verbena
Slender Vervain
Vernonia lindheimeriWoolly Ironweed
Verbesina virginicaFrostweed
White Crownbeard
Iceplant
Iceweed
Virginia Crownbeard
Indian Tobacco
Richweed
Squawweed
Vitis cinerea var. helleriWinter Grape
Heller's Grape
Gray-leaf Grape
Smooth-leaf Grape
Sweet Grape
Spanish Grape
Vitis mustangensisMustang Grape
Viburnum rufidulumRusty Blackhaw Viburnum
Rusty Blackhaw
Southern Blackhaw
Blackhaw
Bluehaw
Downy Viburnum
Southern Nannyberry
Rusty Nannyberry
Nannyberry
Viola walteriWalter's Violet
Prostrate Blue Violet
Wisteria frutescensAmerican Wisteria
Texas Wisteria
Kentucky Wisteria
Woodwardia areolataNetted Chainfern
Chain Fern
Netted Chain Fern
Woodwardia virginicaVirginia Chainfern
Virginia Chain Fern
Xylosma flexuosaBrush Holly
Brushholly
Zanthoxylum clava-herculisHercules Club
Pepperbark
Toothache Tree
Tickle Tongue
Prickly Ash
Zanthoxylum fagaraLime Prickly Ash
Colima
scientific namecommon name(s)image gallery

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General Appearance

Lifespan

Light requirement
 Sun - 6 or more hrs
 Part shade - 2 to 6 hrs
 Shade - 2 hrs or less

Soil moisture
 Dry - no signs of moisture
 Moist - looks & feels damp
 Wet - saturated

Bloom Time
 Jan  Feb  Mar
 Apr  May  Jun
 Jul  Aug  Sep
 Oct  Nov  Dec
Bloom Color
 White  Red  Pink
 Orange  Yellow  Green
 Blue  Purple  Violet
 Brown  Black

Leaf Arrangement
 Alternate
 Opposite
 Whorled
 Fascicled

Leaf Retention
 Deciduous
 Evergreen
 Semi-evergreen